Naturalization
Summary
Naturalization in biblical contexts refers to the process by which foreigners could become part of the covenant community of Israel or, in the New Testament, the citizenship rights available in the Roman Empire.
☩In Israel
Under the Mosaic constitution, provisions existed for strangers and sojourners to be incorporated into the congregation of Israel. Through circumcision and adherence to the law, foreigners could participate in religious festivals and be considered part of the community. The law commanded Israel to treat strangers fairly, remembering their own experience as foreigners in Egypt.
☩Roman Citizenship
The apostle Paul possessed Roman citizenship, which secured him legal protections and the right of appeal to Caesar. Roman citizenship could be obtained by birth, military service, manumission, or purchase. Paul's citizenship, inherited from his father, protected him from arbitrary punishment and allowed him to appeal his case to the emperor.
References
- 1.John McClintock and James Strong, "Citizenship," in Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol. II (Harper & Brothers, 1867–1887).
- 2.James Orr (ed.), "Citizenship," in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. I (Howard-Severance Company, 1915).