Iron
“Iron”
Summary
A common metal of great antiquity, extensively used in biblical times for tools, weapons, and construction.
☩Early Use and Sources
Iron is first mentioned in Scripture in connection with Tubal-cain, described as a forger of instruments of bronze and iron. The Israelites were familiar with iron from Egypt, where it was known from early times, though bronze remained more common. Canaan was praised as a land whose stones are iron and from whose hills copper could be mined. Archaeological evidence confirms extensive iron deposits in the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges.
☩Processing and Manufacture
The smelting of iron ore required sophisticated furnaces capable of reaching high temperatures. Scripture refers to the 'iron furnace' as a figure for Egypt's oppression. The process of working iron at the forge and anvil is mentioned by Isaiah. By Solomon's time, iron was abundant enough for use in temple construction, with David having prepared iron in great abundance for nails and fittings.
☩Uses in Daily Life
Iron was employed for numerous purposes: agricultural implements such as axes, plows, and harrows; weapons including swords, spears, and arrowheads; domestic items like pans and vessels; and construction materials including nails, gates, and pillars. The bedstead of Og king of Bashan was made of iron, measuring nine cubits by four cubits. Iron chariots gave military advantage to those who possessed them, including the Canaanites who used them against Israel.
☩Philistine Monopoly
When the Israelites entered Canaan, they encountered peoples who had superior iron technology. The Philistines maintained a monopoly on iron-working, preventing Israel from having smiths who could forge weapons. This forced the Israelites to go to the Philistines to sharpen their agricultural implements. This technological disadvantage continued until the time of David, who broke Philistine dominance.
☩Symbolic Meaning
Iron frequently symbolizes strength, hardness, and severity in Scripture. A 'rod of iron' represents stern and irresistible rule. Fetters of iron signify severe bondage. The 'iron yoke' represents harsh oppression. In Daniel's vision, the iron kingdom represents crushing power. The skies becoming iron symbolizes drought and divine judgment.
Related Verses90 mentions
See Also
References
- 1.John McClintock and James Strong, "Iron," in Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol. IV (Harper & Brothers, 1867–1887).
- 2.James Orr (ed.), "Iron," in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. III (Howard-Severance Company, 1915).