Muffler
Summary
An elaborate veil worn by women in ancient Israel, mentioned among the articles of feminine adornment condemned by Isaiah.
☩In Isaiah's Catalog
The muffler (Hebrew: re'alah) appears in Isaiah's list of ornaments worn by the 'daughters of Zion' whom the prophet condemned for their pride and vanity (Isaiah 3:19). This list includes chains, bracelets, bonnets, ornaments, rings, nose jewels, and changeable suits of apparel—all marking excessive attention to external adornment.
☩Description
The Hebrew term suggests a 'reeling' or 'tremulous' motion, likely indicating a veil. Gesenius identifies it as a type of veil distinguished by its flowing, trembling movement. It was more elaborate and costly than ordinary veils. A cognate word in the Mishna describes 'veiled' Jewesses from Arabia, suggesting this was a distinctive garment.
☩Alternative Interpretations
Some scholars suggest the muffler may have been an ornament for the breast rather than a face covering. Roberts, observing Indian women's costume, proposed these were breast ornaments rather than face veils. The King James Version margin suggests 'spangled ornaments,' though this appears to be conjecture.
Related Verses1 mention
Isaiah· 1 verse
See Also
References
- 1.John McClintock and James Strong, "Muffler," in Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol. VI (Harper & Brothers, 1867–1887).
- 2.James Orr (ed.), "Muffler," in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. III (Howard-Severance Company, 1915).